# Putty Root (*aplectrum hyemale*) Putty Root (Aplectrum hyemale), also known as the Adam-and-Eve orchid, is a fascinating terrestrial orchid native to the deciduous forests of eastern North America. This unique plant exhibits an unusual growth cycle: it produces a single, deeply veined, evergreen leaf in autumn that persists through the harsh winter, performing photosynthesis when other deciduous plants have lost their leaves. As spring arrives, this leaf dies back, and a delicate stalk of yellowish-brown to purplish flowers emerges in late spring, seemingly out of nowhere. The common name Putty Root comes from the sticky, mucilaginous substance found inside its underground corms, which early settlers and Native Americans used as a strong adhesive to repair broken pottery and stoneware. The alternative name Adam-and-Eve refers to the paired growth of its corms, where the current year's corm remains physically linked to the previous year's corm by a short rhizome. - **Category:** [Plants](https://www.snappit.app/explore/categories/plant) - **Rarity:** Common - **Danger:** 1/5 · Very low - **Snaps:** 1 - **Habitat:** Found in rich, moist deciduous forests, often in neutral to basic soils along floodplains, slopes, and wooded ravines. ![Putty Root](https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/146876821/medium.jpg) Photo: Douglas Goldman, CC BY-SA 4.0 · [iNaturalist](https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/146876821) ## Appearance Putty Root can be identified in winter by its single, large (10 to 20 cm long), oval-shaped leaf which is dark green with prominent, parallel white veins and a silvery-purple underside. In late May to June, a leafless, purplish flowering stalk rises 30 to 60 cm high, bearing a loose cluster of 7 to 15 nodding, bell-shaped flowers. These flowers are about 1 to 2 cm wide, possessing dull yellowish-brown to greenish petals and sepals, often tipped or striped with purple, and a distinct white, three-lobed lip spotted with purple. ## Taxonomy - **Kingdom:** Plantae - **Phylum:** Tracheophyta - **Class:** Liliopsida - **Order:** Asparagales - **Family:** Orchidaceae - **Genus:** Aplectrum ## Interesting facts - Early American settlers and Native Americans crushed the roots to extract a highly sticky slime, using it as a household glue to mend broken clay pots and plates. - The nickname Adam-and-Eve comes from the pair of underground corms linked by a rhizome, where the older, wrinkled corm represents Adam and the younger, plump corm represents Eve. - Unlike almost all other forest plants, Putty Root's single leaf grows in autumn, stays green all winter under the snow, and completely dies off before the flower stalk even begins to emerge in spring. ## Special abilities - **Winter Photosynthesis:** Produces a single, highly durable leaf in autumn that remains green all winter, capitalizing on the open forest canopy when sunlight is abundant. - **Sticky Survival Mucilage:** The underground corms store a thick, sticky mucilage that acts as a water reservoir and natural anti-freeze agent during freezing temperatures. - **Fungal Dependency:** Utilizes mycoheterotrophy, relying on symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi in the soil to assist with seed germination and nutrient absorption. ## Measurements & details - **Length:** 30-60 cm - **Weight:** 0.05-0.2 kg - **Lifespan:** 5-20 years ## Diet & Feeding As a photosynthetic plant, it produces its own energy using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, supplemented by a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal soil fungi. - **Age differences:** Seedlings are fully mycoheterotrophic and rely entirely on mycorrhizal fungi for nutrients until they develop their first photosynthetic leaf. - **Primary Foods:** Sunlight, Water, Carbon dioxide, Soil nutrients ## Ecological connections - **Mutualism:** Mycorrhizal Fungus (*Ceratobasidium species*) — The orchid relies on this mycorrhizal fungus to trigger seed germination and supply critical nutrients throughout its life. - **Mutualism:** Two-spotted Bumblebee (*Bombus bimaculatus*) — Queens and workers visit the flowers in late spring, acting as the primary pollinators of this orchid. - **Eaten by:** [White-tailed Deer](https://www.snappit.app/explore/white-tailed-deer) (*Odocoileus virginianus*) — Deer occasionally graze on the winter leaf or the spring flowering stalks, which can impact the orchid's survival. ## Safety **Danger:** 1/5 · Very low No special safety notes yet. ## Frequently Asked Questions ### How to identify Putty Root? Start with the whole plant, then compare leaf arrangement, leaf edges, stems and any flowers or fruit. Opposite leaves grow in pairs; alternate leaves come one at a time along the stem. These details tell you far more together than a single green leaf does. Plant Identifier: upload a photo and compare the visible details. ### How long is Putty Root? 30-60 cm ### How much does Putty Root weigh? 0.05-0.2 kg ### How long does Putty Root live? 5-20 years ### What does Putty Root eat? As a photosynthetic plant, it produces its own energy using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, supplemented by a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal soil fungi. ### Where is Putty Root usually found? Found in rich, moist deciduous forests, often in neutral to basic soils along floodplains, slopes, and wooded ravines. ## Where to spot - [Advance Mills](https://www.snappit.app/guides/places/advance-mills) — Virginia, US · Neighborhood - [Conway-Robinson Memorial State Forest](https://www.snappit.app/guides/places/conway-robinson-memorial-state-forest) — Virginia, US · Forest - [Hinton Historic District](https://www.snappit.app/guides/places/hinton-historic-district) — West Virginia, US · Historic District - [Thomas Indian School](https://www.snappit.app/guides/places/thomas-indian-school) — New York, US · Campus [View all places to see Putty Root](https://www.snappit.app/guides/where-to-see/putty-root) ## More Plants - [white snakeroot](https://www.snappit.app/explore/white-snakeroot) (*Ageratina altissima*) - [tree-of-heaven](https://www.snappit.app/explore/tree-of-heaven) (*Ailanthus altissima*) - [western sword fern](https://www.snappit.app/explore/western-sword-fern) (*Polystichum munitum*) - [common milkweed](https://www.snappit.app/explore/common-milkweed) (*Asclepias syriaca*) --- Source: [Putty Root: Characteristics, Facts & Places to See — Snappit](https://www.snappit.app/explore/putty-root)